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Students: Common unix commands |
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1. ls Desc: to list the directory (list) $ ls $ ls -l $ ls -al 2. cd Desc: to change to a directory (change directory) $ cd /home/pi 3. pwd Desc: shows where you are (in what directory) (present working directory) $ pwd 4. mkdir Desc: Create a new directory (make directory) $ mkdir my_stuff 5. whoami Desc: Shows who you are (who am i) $ whoami 6. top Desc: shows stats about the server (top) $ top Note: press "q" to quit top and get back to the command prompt 7. uptime Desc: tells the server uptime and load averages (up time) $ uptime 8. chown Desc: used to change ownership of a file or directory (change ownership) $ chown pi:pi myfile.txt 9. chmod Desc: used to change permissions on a file (change file or directory permissions) $ chmod u+r myfile.txt $ chmod ug+r myfile.txt $ chmod ugo+r myfile.txt $ chmod u-r myfile.txt $ chmod ug-r myfile.txt $ chmod ugo-r myfile.txt $ chmod ugo-rw myfile.txt Note: You should be able to do a "ls -l" and understand the permission settings Note: "u"=User, "g"=Group and "o"=Other Example 1: $ ls -l drwxr-xr-x 6 pi pi 4096 Jun 26 10:44 backups dr-xr-xr-x 3 pi pi 4096 Jun 2 10:45 ftp drwxr-xr-x 5 pi pi 4096 Jun 23 11:08 projects Using "backups", the first position is "d" for directory (backups is a directory) Positions 2 through 4 are the User (or owner): rwx is read, write, execute Positions 5 through 7 are the Group: r-x is read, no write, execute Positions 8 through 10 are Other: r-x is read, no write, execute Example 2: $ ls -l drwxr-xr-x 2 pi pi 4096 Jun 22 14:36 images -rw-r--r-- 1 pi pi 21112 Jun 25 18:45 index.php drwxr-xr-x 5 pi pi 4096 Jun 22 14:38 templates Using "index.php", the first position is "-". This is a file, not a directory Positions 2 through 4 are the User (or owner): rw- is read, write, no execute Positions 5 through 7 are the Group: r-- is read, no write, no execute Positions 8 through 10 are Other: r-- is read, no write, no execute 10. cp Desc: used to copy a file (copy) $ cp /home/pi/my_stuff.php /home/pi/backups 11. mv Desc: to move or rename a file (move) $ mv /home/pi/my_stuff.php /home/pi/my_other_stuff.php 12. man Desc: to display documentation on a command (help) (manual) $ man chmod 13. ps Desc: to report on a process status (process status) $ ps -ax $ ps $ ps -ax | grep 12345 14. tar Desc: to zip or unzip a file or directory (tar) $ tar -xvf my_tar_file.tar 15. gunzip Desc: to unzip a file or directory (gunzip) $ gunzip my_tar_file.tar.gz 16. unzip Desc: to unzip a file (unzip) $ unzip my_zip_file.zip 17. rm Desc: to delete (remove) a file or directory (remove) $ rm myfile.txt Note: Be very careful using the rm (remove) command. 18. ^c Desc: this may stop something you are doing 19. q Desc: this may stop something you are doing 20. df Desc: to see file system disk space usage (disk file) $ df -h $ df -ak 21. uname Desc: to see the OS system information $ uname -a 22. sudo Desc: sudo is used by a non-root user to execute as root. $ cd /home/pi $ sudo cp /etc/hosts /home/pi $ sudo chown pi:pi hosts Note: The reason you (pi user) can use sudo is because "pi" is listed in the sudoers file. Note: Be careful using this as it will execute as root Note: "root" is the super-user on unix systems 23. exit Desc: this will end your ssh or PuTTY shell session $ exit 24. scp Desc: Copy files or directories to a remote host $ cd /mydirectory $ scp myfile user@remote.host:/myremotedirectory $ scp -r mysubdirectory user@remote.host:/myremotedirectory 25. find Desc: Find a file name $ find . -name myfilename 26. grep Desc: To find any string $ grep -r -e MyWord /mydirectory 27. netstat Desc: Displays various network information $ netstat $ netstat -an | grep myword 28. ps Desc: Provides information on current processes $ ps $ ps -efl | grep myword 29. ifconfig Desc: Configure and provide network interface information $ ifconfig |
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